Copper Pollution Among Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Builders Revealed by New Research

Recent geoarchaeological studies have uncovered significant findings about ancient Egypt's metalworking practices which indicate how they might have affected the surrounding environment. A notable study reveals copper and arsenic contamination in Khufu Harbor—located near the iconic pyramids—which dates back over 4,600 years, providing a glimpse into the everyday life of ancient Egyptians beyond the well-documented elite class.

In 2019, researchers from Aix-Marseille Université drilled into the sediment beneath Cairo near the Great Pyramid of Giza. Employing inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), they detected elevated levels of copper and arsenic in the ancient port's soil. Carbon dating pinpointed the onset of metal pollution to around 3265 BCE, showing the area was settled 200 years sooner than previously believed. This discovery marks broad, long-term industrial activity contributing to significant local metal contamination.

The team noted that these metal traces peaked during the pyramid construction phase around 2500 BCE, particularly within a flourishing copper tool-making industry. Tools such as blades, chisels, and drills were essential for constructing the pyramid complex. Despite reaching peak contamination, high levels persisted until approximately 1000 BCE, denoting continuous industrial activity.

Studies revealed copper levels five to six times higher than natural standards. Although the exact health effects on ancient Egyptians are unclear, copper exposure is potentially harmful, causing various health problems over both short and long durations. This information tangentially suggests that while Egyptians faced political and environmental tumult, work and contamination endured even amid declining Nile levels around 2200 BCE.

The significance of Khufu Harbor goes beyond being the oldest known port. It illuminates life for 95% of the ancient Egyptian population often overlooked in favor of pharaohs and elites. The study’s geoarchaeological discoveries reconstruct not only a timeline but also offer an understanding of how common people adapted to persistent environmental challenges while maintaining industrial resilience.

As the efforts continue, researchers like Alain Véron and Christophe Morhange stress the sediment's importance in historical narratives, linking geochemistry to the broader historical tableau. The findings pave the way for future research into ancient occupational hazards and continued resilience amid ancient Egyptian societies.

Earlier, SSP wrote about advances in superconductivity through new material research.