Hubble measures the distance to a supernova

In the field of astrophysics, accurately determining distances to far-flung celestial objects remains a challenging yet critical endeavor. While direct measurements for nearby objects like the sun and planets are feasible, determining the distances to galaxies, quasars, and galaxy clusters often relies on indirect techniques. Among these, one method stands out: the study of Type Ia supernovae, where the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope takes center stage.

NGC 3810, the captivating galaxy showcased in this image, recently played host to a Type Ia supernova in 2022. Leading into 2023, the Hubble telescope dedicated its observations to meticulously scrutinizing this supernova, along with others in neighboring galaxies. Type Ia supernovae arise from the explosive demise of white dwarf stars, exhibiting remarkably consistent peak brightness. It is this characteristic that allows astronomers to leverage them as cosmic distance indicators—by analyzing their apparent dimness, we can discern their true extent.

However, a complicating factor arises in the form of intergalactic dust obscuring the supernova's light during its vast cosmic journey. To overcome this challenge, astronomers rely on Hubble's remarkable capabilities and an ingenious approach. By gathering images of the same Type Ia supernovae in both ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, they effectively bypass the dust's interference. While dust largely blocks out ultraviolet light, it has minimal impact on infrared transmissions. This essential comparison enables scientists to determine the amount of dust impeding Hubble's view and thereby establish an accurate calibration between a supernova's brightness and its distance.

Due to its unparalleled ability to observe in great detail across ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, Hubble emerges as the ideal tool to undertake such analyses. Remarkably, this stunning image of NGC 3810, with its captivating 2022 supernova, incorporates data collected precisely for this purpose.

While various methods exist for measuring cosmic distances, Type Ia supernovae shine as one of the most valuable and reliable yardsticks by virtue of their extraordinary luminosity. Nonetheless, astronomers complement these measurements with other methodologies, either as independent checks against alternative distance determinations or to gauge distances at both closer and farther ranges.

Within this context, another distance-evaluating method involves comparing a galaxy's rotation speed to its luminosity. Employing this approach, NGC 3810's estimated distance from Earth clocks in at approximately 50 million light-years—a cosmic jewel lingering in the vastness of our universe.