First and Largest Astronomical Observatory of the 6th Century BC Discovered in Egypt

Archaeologists in Egypt have revealed the first and largest astronomical observatory from the 6th century BCE at the Buto Temple, located in the Tell El-Faraeen archaeological site, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. This remarkable find was announced through the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities' social media platforms.

The observatory, constructed from mud brick, played a key role in tracking the movements of the sun and stars. This significant find showcases the ancient Egyptians' remarkable understanding of astronomy.

Mohamed Ismail Khaled, Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), noted that the discovery revealed the advanced astronomical knowledge of the ancient Egyptians. They were capable of calculating the solar calendar, as well as identifying essential religious and agricultural dates. Khaled emphasized that the structure also demonstrates the sophisticated techniques employed by the Egyptians using simple tools.

Ayman Ashmawy, head of the Egyptian Antiquities Sector at the SCA, stated that the astronomical observatory encompasses approximately 850 square meters. The structure features an entrance oriented east, aligning with the sunrise. Inside is a central columned hall designed in an "L" shape, preceded by a large mud brick wall that slants inward, reminiscent of the architecture found at temple entrances.

The excavation also uncovered five mud brick rooms, likely utilized for tool storage, alongside four smaller mud brick rooms and a small stone room that functioned as the observatory tower.

Among the notable findings is a rare, slanted stone sundial, or shadow clock, from that era. Measuring 4.80 meters in length, it consists of a row of straight limestone slabs with five flat blocks on top — two horizontal and three vertical. These slabs likely contained inclined lines to measure the sun's shadow and angle, aiding in tracking the sun throughout the day.

Further discoveries included a stone embedded in the floor of a circular chamber within the observatory and two additional circular stones used for measuring the sun’s inclination.

The excavation revealed numerous artifacts, such as a statue from the 26th Dynasty, a Merkhet measuring tool, and various religious items alongside pottery reflecting daily life and rituals, as stated by the ministry.

This significant discovery underscores the importance of Egyptian archaeological efforts in uncovering new aspects of the nation’s rich heritage. It offers deeper insights into the scientific and religious lives of the ancient Egyptians.

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